認識 A 流,預防 A 流
傳染原
野生水禽是大多數動物流感病毒的自然宿主,另外包括雞、鴨等家禽及豬、牛等家畜也有可能是自然宿主,因此感染動物流感病毒的動物被認為是最有可能的傳染窩,多數新型 A 型流感確定病例均具有動物接觸史或農場/活禽市場暴露史。
傳染途徑
目前尚無足夠證據確定新型 A 型流感病例透過何種途徑染病。一般來說,動物流感病毒會存在於受感染動物的呼吸道飛沫顆粒及排泄物中,推測人類主要應是透過吸入及接觸病毒顆粒或受污染的物體/環境等途徑而感染。
潛伏期
依現有人類確定病例之流行病學研究結果,大多數新型 A 型流感病例的潛伏期在 1~10 日之間,且不同亞型之流感病毒可能有差異。目前我國採用 10 日作為估計潛伏期之上限。
可傳染期
目前尚無足夠證據確定新型 A 型流感個案的可傳染期,但依據文獻報告資料推估,可傳染期大約是以個案症狀出現前 1 天至症狀緩解後且檢驗病毒陰性後為止。
感受性及抵抗力
人類對於各種造成新型 A 型流感病例的動物流感病毒之感受性及抵抗力不同。一般來說,感染後免疫系統會針對此次感染之病毒產生抗體,但此抗體是否能夠產生足夠保護力則無法確定。
臨床症狀
重症病例的臨床表現多為早期出現發燒、咳嗽及呼吸短促等急性呼吸道感染症狀,而後快速進展為嚴重肺炎,可能併發急性呼吸窘迫症候群、敗血性休克及多重器官衰竭而死亡,輕症病例的臨床表現則包括類流感症狀及急性結膜炎等。
預防方法
A 流宣導影片 - 流感知多少?
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